This course explores the historical context, motivations, and consequences of China's population control measures, as well as the subsequent policy shifts aimed at mitigating the effects of a shrinking population. We will analyze the socio-economic impacts, gender dynamics, and regional variations in China's demographic transition. Additionally, we will examine the implications of these demographic changes on global economic trends and domestic social policies. By the end of the course, students will gain a nuanced understanding of China's demographic evolution, the role of patriarchal authoritarianism, and the global economic implications of India's population surpassing China’s.